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In normal, non-pregnant women, the main source of oestrogen is, of course, the ovary. However, in men and postmenopausal women, peripheral aromatization of circulating androgens is a significant source. Radioisotope infusion has identified adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and skin as sites of peripheral oestrogen synthesis (Longcope, Pratt, Schneider & Fineberg, 1978). In ovarian granulosa cells, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) regulates aromatase activity by stimulating adenylate cyclase. The FSH-induced increase in aromatase appears to be an example of a cyclic AMP-dependent activation of gene expression, although there is also evidence for post-translational regulation of enzyme activity (Steinkampf, Mendelson & Simpson, 1988). Do analogous mechanisms regulate aromatase in peripheral tissues? An unequivocal answer to this question cannot yet be given, but recent studies in tissue culture have raised the tantalizing possibility that peripheral aromatase may be under complex control by local tissue factors released during the response to damage, injection or stress.

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