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Since publication and subsequent use of a method for the determination of pregn-5-en-3β,17,20-triol (⁵T) in urine (Stern & Barwell, 1963), over 100 patients have been 'screened' and a positive or negative diagnosis of the Stein—Leventhal syndrome made. Where the syndrome was diagnosed, the ovary was seen to be moderately enlarged with a smooth contour. The capsule was thickened and small greyish cysts could be seen through it. After wedge resection, the cut surface appeared oedematous and multiple cysts, 2–3 mm in size, were situated beneath the capsule. Histologically, the cysts were found to be lined by granulosa cells with varying degrees of proliferation of the theca interna (Dr Ferreira, Pathology Dept., personal communication). Where the Stein—Leventhal syndrome was not diagnosed, the patients exhibited one or more signs of the syndrome, e.g. infertility, oligomenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, obesity, hirsutism. Urinary excretion of the steroid by patients in each class is shown