Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARalpha is highly expressed in liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, heart and the vascular wall. PPARgamma is predominantly detected in adipose tissue, intestine and macrophages. PPARs are activated by fatty-acid derivatives and pharmacological agents such as fibrates and glitazones which are specific for PPARalpha and PPARgamma respectively. PPARs regulate lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, glucose homeostasis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and apoptosis. PPARalpha controls intra- and extracellular lipid metabolisms whereas PPARgamma triggers adipocyte differentiation and promotes lipid storage. In addition, PPARs also modulate the inflammatory response. PPAR activators have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory activities in various cell types by inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory genes such as cytokines, metalloproteases and acute-phase proteins. PPARs negatively regulate the transcription of inflammatory response genes by antagonizing the AP-1, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), signal transducer and activator of transcription and nuclear factor of activated T-cells signalling pathways and by stimulating the catabolism of proinflammatory eicosanoids. These recent findings indicate a modulatory role for PPARs in inflammation with potential therapeutical applications in chronic inflammatory diseases.

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				O. Barbier, D. Duran-Sandoval, I. Pineda-Torra, V. Kosykh, J.-C. Fruchart, and B. Staels Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor {alpha} Induces Hepatic Expression of the Human Bile Acid Glucuronidating UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B4 Enzyme J. Biol. Chem., August 29, 2003; 278(35): 32852 - 32860. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Q. Yan, J. Zhang, H. Liu, S. Babu-Khan, R. Vassar, A. L. Biere, M. Citron, and G. Landreth Anti-Inflammatory Drug Therapy Alters {beta}-Amyloid Processing and Deposition in an Animal Model of Alzheimer's Disease J. Neurosci., August 20, 2003; 23(20): 7504 - 7509. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. Woerly, K. Honda, M. Loyens, J.-P. Papin, J. Auwerx, B. Staels, M. Capron, and D. Dombrowicz Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptors {alpha} and {gamma} Down-regulate Allergic Inflammation and Eosinophil Activation J. Exp. Med., August 4, 2003; 198(3): 411 - 421. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				M. Schachter Review: Lipid lowering drugs, inflammation and cardiovascular disease The British Journal of Diabetes & Vascular Disease, May 1, 2003; 3(3): 178 - 182. [Abstract] [PDF]

				O. Barbier, L. Villeneuve, V. Bocher, C. Fontaine, I. P. Torra, C. Duhem, V. Kosykh, J.-C. Fruchart, C. Guillemette, and B. Staels The UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9 Enzyme Is a Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha and gamma Target Gene J. Biol. Chem., April 11, 2003; 278(16): 13975 - 13983. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Kleemann, P. P. Gervois, L. Verschuren, B. Staels, H. M. G. Princen, and T. Kooistra Fibrates down-regulate IL-1-stimulated C-reactive protein gene expression in hepatocytes by reducing nuclear p50-NFkappa B-C/EBP-beta complex formation Blood, January 15, 2003; 101(2): 545 - 551. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				H. Duez, Y.-S. Chao, M. Hernandez, G. Torpier, P. Poulain, S. Mundt, Z. Mallat, E. Teissier, C. A. Burton, A. Tedgui, et al. Reduction of Atherosclerosis by the Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha Agonist Fenofibrate in Mice J. Biol. Chem., December 6, 2002; 277(50): 48051 - 48057. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				G. D. Girnun, F. E. Domann, S. A. Moore, and M. E. C. Robbins Identification of a Functional Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Response Element in the Rat Catalase Promoter Mol. Endocrinol., December 1, 2002; 16(12): 2793 - 2801. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Kintscher, C. Lyon, S. Wakino, D. Bruemmer, X. Feng, S. Goetze, K. Graf, A. Moustakas, B. Staels, E. Fleck, et al. PPAR{alpha} Inhibits TGF-{beta}-Induced {beta}5 Integrin Transcription in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Interacting With Smad4 Circ. Res., November 29, 2002; 91 (11): e35 - e44. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. E. Clay, A. Monjazeb, J. Thorburn, F. H. Chilton, and K. P. High 15-Deoxy-{Delta}12,14-prostaglandin J2-induced apoptosis does not require PPAR{gamma} in breast cancer cells J. Lipid Res., November 1, 2002; 43(11): 1818 - 1828. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Kluft, R. Kleemann, and M.P.M. de Maat How best to counteract the enemies? By controlling inflammation in the coronary circulation Eur. Heart J. Suppl., November 1, 2002; 4(suppl_G): G53 - G65. [Abstract] [PDF]

				N. Wang, L. Verna, N.-G. Chen, J. Chen, H. Li, B. M. Forman, and M. B. Stemerman Constitutive Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma Suppresses Pro-inflammatory Adhesion Molecules in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells J. Biol. Chem., September 6, 2002; 277(37): 34176 - 34181. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Eberhardt, E.-S. Akool, J. Rebhan, S. Frank, K.-F. Beck, R. Franzen, F. M. A. Hamada, and J. Pfeilschifter Inhibition of Cytokine-induced Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Expression by Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor alpha Agonists Is Indirect and Due to a NO-mediated Reduction of mRNA Stability J. Biol. Chem., August 30, 2002; 277(36): 33518 - 33528. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				O. Barbier, I. P. Torra, Y. Duguay, C. Blanquart, J.-C. Fruchart, C. Glineur, and B. Staels Pleiotropic Actions of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, May 1, 2002; 22(5): 717 - 726. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. M. Flavell, Y. Jamshidi, E. Hawe, I. Pineda Torra, M.-R. Taskinen, M. H. Frick, M. S. Nieminen, Y. A. Kesaniemi, A. Pasternack, B. Staels, et al. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor {alpha} Gene Variants Influence Progression of Coronary Atherosclerosis and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease Circulation, March 26, 2002; 105(12): 1440 - 1445. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]